SOAP II

From Wiki Journal Club
Jump to navigation Jump to search
De Backer D, et al. "Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock". The New England Journal of Medicine. 2010. 362(9):779-89.
PubMedFull textPDF

Clinical Question

Among patients with shock, how does dopamine compare to norepinephrine in decreasing mortality?

Bottom Line

In the treatment of shock, norepinephrine and dopamine compare similarly with respect to 28-day mortality, but dopamine is associated with an increased risk of arrhythmias.

Major Points

Dopamine and norepinephrine had long been considered equivalent first-line agents for the treatment of shock, but the first SOAP trial[1] suggested that dopamine was an independent predictor of increased mortality in shock. A related 2004 Cochrane meta-analysis[2], was limited in its ability to inform clinical practice as it only included 62 patients.

The 2010 Sepsis Occurrence in Acutely Ill Patients (SOAP) II trial randomized 1,679 patients with mostly septic shock to norepinephrine or dopamine. At 28 days, there was no difference in all-cause mortality though there was a significantly higher rate of arrhythmias in the dopamine group (24.1% vs. 12.4%; NNH 9). As such, sepsis guidelines now recommend norepinephrine as the first-line vasopressor in shock.

Guidelines

Surviving Sepsis Campaign severe sepsis and septic shock (2016, adapted)[3]

  • During the initial resuscitation, target MAP of 65 mm Hg in patients with septic shock needing vasopressors
  • Recommend norepinephrine as first-line vasopressor (strong recommendation, moderate quality of evidence)
    • Can add vasopressin up to 0.03 U/min (weak recommendation, moderate quality of evidence) or epinephrine (weak recommendation, low quality of evidence) to norepinephrine to achieve MAP targets
    • Can add vasopressin up to 0.03 U/min to decrease norepinephrine dose (weak recommendation, low quality of evidence)
  • Recommend against using low-dose dopamine for renal protection (strong recommendation, high quality of evidence)
  • Suggest using dobutamine in patients with persistent hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid loading and vasopressor agent use (weak recommendation, low quality of evidence)

Design

  • Multicenter, double-blinded, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial
  • N=1,679
    • Dopamine (n=858)
    • Norepinephrine (n=821)
  • Setting: 8 centers in Belgium, Austria, and Spain
  • Enrollment: December 2003 to October 2007
  • Analysis: Intention-to-treat
  • Follow-up: 28 days
  • Primary outcome: All-cause mortality

Population

Inclusion Criteria

  • Age ≥18 years
  • Shock requiring a vasopressor agent
    • Shock defined as MAP <70 mmHg or systolic BP <100 despite adequate fluids (1L crystalloid or 500mL colloids)
    • Unless CVP >12 or PCWP >14
    • Signs of tissue hypoperfusion

Exclusion Criteria

  • Receipt of vasopressor agent >4 hours prior to enrollment
  • Serious arrhythmia (rapid atrial fibrillation >160 bpm, VT)
  • Brain death

Baseline Characteristics

Comparisons are dopamine vs. norepinephrine.

  • Septic shock 62%
  • Cardiogenic shock 17%
  • Hypovolemic shock 16%
  • Hydrocortisone administered: 40.1% vs. 39.7%
  • Activated protein C administered: 18.8% vs. 19.1%

Interventions

  • Patients randomized to dopamine or norepinephrine
  • Doses adjusted to target BP decided by treating physician
    • Dopamine max 20 mcg/kg/min
    • Norepinephrine max 0.19 mcg/kg/min
  • If max doses reached, open-label norepinephrine was added
  • Open-label dopamine not allowed
  • Epinephrine and vasopressin only as rescue agents
  • Inotropes allowed as needed for cardiac output
  • If adverse events occurred, treating physician could withdraw patient and change to open-label vasopressor

Outcomes

Comparisons are dopamine vs. norepinephrine.

Primary Outcomes

All-cause mortality at 28 days
52.5% vs. 48.5% (OR 1.17; 95% CI 0.97-1.42; P=0.10)

Secondary Outcomes

ICU death
50.2% vs. 45.9% (OR 1.19; 95% CI 0.98-1.44; P=0.07)
Inpatient mortality
59.4% vs. 56.6% (OR 1.12; 95% CI 0.92-1.37; P=0.24)
6-month mortality
63.8% vs. 62.9% (OR 1.06; 95% CI 0.86-1.31; P=0.71)
12-month mortality
65.9% vs. 64.0% (OR 1.15; 95% 0.91-1.46; P=0.34)

Subgroup Analysis

28-day mortality among patients with cardiogenic shock
Increased in dopamine group compared with norepinephrine (P=0.03)
Mortality among those with septic and hypovolemic shock
No significant difference

Adverse Events

Arrhythmia
24.1% vs. 12.4% (P<0.001; NNH 9)

Criticisms

  • Open label norepinephrine was given if maximum dose of dopamine or noriphinephrine was used[4]
  • Unclear if the underlying cause of shock was treated appropriately[4]
  • Unclear how frequent supportive interventions (eg, intraaortic balloon pumps) were used[4]
  • Unclear what doses of norepinephrine were given[4]

Funding

Funding provided by the European Critical Care Research Network.

Further Reading