WikiJournalClub:List of landmark papers/Oncology

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Breast Cancer

Screening

  • MRISS MRI appears to be more sensitive than mammography in detecting tumors in women with an inherited susceptibility to breast cancer. [1]
  • MARIBS MRI is more sensitive than mammography for cancer detection. [2]
  • ACRIN MRI detects contralateral breast cancer that is missed by mammography and clinical examination at the time of the initial breast cancer diagnosis. [3]

Treatment

  • Surgery
  • Radiation
    • Radiation therapy after mastectomy decreases locoregional recurrence and increases survival. [[7]]
  • Chemo- and hormonal therapy
    • AC-T in HER2-positive vs. HER2-negative tumors [8]
    • 2003 CALGB 9344: AC-T in breast cancer [9]
    • Sequential AC-T improved DFS compared with doxorubicin–docetaxel or concurrent ACT, and improved OS compared with doxorubicin–docetaxel. [10]
    • Lapatinib/capecitabine vs. capecitabine in HER2-positive advanced breast cancer that has progressed after treatment with anthracycline, taxane, and trastuzumab [11]
    • EBCTCG Chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for early breast cancer on recurrence [12]
    • CAF plus tamoxifen vs. tamoxifen alone among postmenopausal patients with ER- and node-positive breast cancer [13]
    • 1989 NSABP B-14: Tamoxifen in breast cancer [14]
    • NSABBP B-24 Tamoxifen in treatment of intraductal breast cancer: [Lancet 1999;353(9169):1993-2000 PMID: 10376613]
    • ATAC Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination Lancet 2005;365(9453):60-62 (PMID 15639680)
    • 2005 Trastuzumab plus Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Operable HER2-Positive Breast Cancer: [15]
    • 2012 MAP.3: Exemestane for breast cancer prevention [16]
    • IBIS-I Prophylactic tamoxifen reduces the risk of breast cancer by about a third. [17]
    • RUTH Raloxifene did not significantly affect the risk of CHD. [18]
    • STAR Raloxifene is as effective as tamoxifen in reducing the risk of invasive breast cancer and has a lower risk of thromboembolic events and cataracts [19]
    • ATLAS Adjuvant Tamoxifen: Longer Against Shorter [20]
    • BIG 1-98 Adjuvant letrozole vs. tamoxifen among postmenopausal women with ER-positive breast cancer. [21]
    • HERA trastuzumab in HER2-positive breast cancer [22]
    • HERA Trastuzumab after adjuvant chemo in HER2 positive [23]
    • Paclitaxel+bevacizumab vs. paclitaxel in metastatic breast cancer [24]
    • Clodronate and metastases in high-risk breast cancer. [[25]]

Colorectal Cancer

  • APC Study celecoxib is an effective agent for the prevention of colorectal adenomas but, because of potential cardiovascular events, cannot be routinely recommended for this indication. [[26]]
  • Regular use of aspirin appears to reduce the risk of colorectal cancers that overexpress COX-2 but not the risk of colorectal cancers with weak or absent expression of COX-2. [[27]]
  • British Doctors Aspirin Trial and the UK-TIA Aspirin Trial aspirin is effective in primary prevention of colorectal cancer [[28]]
  • Screening by sigmoidoscopy can reduce mortality from cancer of the rectum and distal colon. Screening once every 10 years may be nearly as efficacious as more frequent screening.[[29]]
  • Minnesota Colon Cancer Control Study Annual fecal occult-blood testing with rehydration of the samples decreased the 13-year cumulative mortality from colorectal cancer by 33 percent.[[30]]
  • The use of either annual or biennial fecal occult-blood testing significantly reduces the incidence of colorectal cancer. [[31]]
  • e Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study #380 Group Single digital FOBT is a poor screening method for colorectal neoplasia and cannot be recommended as the only test. When digital FOBT is performed as part of a primary care

physical examination, negative results do not decrease the odds of advanced neoplasia. Persons with these results should be offered at-home 6-sample FOBT or another type of screening test.[[32]]

  • Colorectal Cancer Study Group Although the majority of neoplastic lesions identified by colonoscopy were not detected by either noninvasive test, the multitarget analysis of fecal DNA detected a greater proportion of important colorectal neoplasia than did Hemoccult II without compromising specificity. [[33]]
  • CT colonographic screening identified 90% of subjects with adenomas or cancers measuring 10 mm or more in diameter. [[34]]
  • Primary CTC and OC screening strategies resulted in similar detection rates for advanced neoplasia, although the numbers of polypectomies and complications were considerably smaller in the CTC group. These findings support the use of CTC as a primary screening test before therapeutic OC. [[35]]
  • In a group of persons at increased risk for CRC, CT colonography compared with colonoscopy resulted in a negative predictive value of 96.3% overall. When limited to FOBT-positive persons, the negative predictive value was 84.9%. [[36]]
  • MOSAIC Adding oxaliplatin to a regimen of fluorouracil and leucovorin improves the adjuvant treatment of colon cancer. [[37]]
  • EORTC Radiotherapy Group Trial 22921 In patients with rectal cancer who receive preoperative radiotherapy, adding fluorouracil-based chemotherapy preoperatively or postoperatively has no significant effect on survival. [[38]]
  • addition of bevacizumab to fluorouracil-based combination chemotherapy results in statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement in survival among patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. [[39]]
  • Cetuximab has clinically significant activity when given alone or in combination with irinotecan in patients with irinotecan-refractory colorectal cancer. [[40]]

Fever & Neutropenia

  • GIMEMA Prophylactic treatment with levofloxacin is an effective and well-tolerated way of preventing febrile episodes and other relevant infection-related outcomes in patients with cancer and profound and protracted neutropenia. The long-term effect of this intervention on microbial resistance in the community is not known. [[41]]
  • SIGNIFICANT Among patients receiving chemotherapy for solid tumors or lymphoma, the prophylactic use of levofloxacin reduces the incidence of fever, probable infection, and hospitalization. [[42]]
  • In hospitalized low-risk patients who have fever and neutropenia during cancer chemotherapy, empirical therapy with oral ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin–clavulanate is safe and effective. [[43]]
  • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group Voriconazole is a suitable alternative to amphotericin B preparations for empirical antifungal therapy in patients with neutropenia and persistent fever. [[44]]
  • In patients undergoing chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia or the myelodysplastic syndrome, posaconazole prevented invasive fungal infections more effectively than did either fluconazole or itraconazole and improved overall survival. [[45]]
  • The use of the CSFs in patients with established FN caused by cancer chemotherapy reduces the amount of time spent in hospital and the neutrophil recovery period. [[46]]

Leukemia

Lung Cancer

  • Effect of Smoking Reduction on Lung Cancer Risk [[48]]

Screening

Diagnostics

  • PET improves the rate of detection of local and distant metastases in patients with non–small-cell lung cancer. [[52]]
  • Integrated PET–CT improves the diagnostic accuracy of the staging of non–small-cell lung cancer. [[53]]
  • The use of PET–CT for preoperative staging of NSCLC reduced both the total number of thoracotomies and the number of futile thoracotomies but did not affect overall mortality. [[54]]

Treatment

Chemotherapy

EGFR inhibitors

  • Shepherd 2005 Erlotinib in previously treated NSCLC [[60]]
  • Gefitinib is superior to carboplatin–paclitaxel as an initial treatment for pulmonary adenocarcinoma among nonsmokers or former light smokers in East Asia. The presence in the tumor of a mutation of the EGFR gene is a strong predictor of a better outcome with gefitinib. [[61]]
  • First-line gefitinib for patients with advanced non–small-cell lung cancer who were selected on the basis of EGFR mutations improved progression-free survival, with acceptable toxicity, as compared with standard chemotherapy. [[62]]
  • FLEX Addition of cetuximab to platinum-based chemotherapy represents a new treatment option for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. [[63]]

Anti-angiogenesis targeting

  • Sandler 2006 Addition of bevaizumab to paclitaxel plus carboplatin in NSCLC [[64]]

Radiation

Auperin 1999 Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation for SCLC [[65]] Slotman 2007 Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation for Extensive SCLC [[66]]

Prognosis

  • The lung metagene model provides a potential mechanism to refine the estimation of a patient's risk of disease recurrence and, in principle, to alter decisions regarding the use of adjuvant chemotherapy in early-stage NSCLC.

[[67]]

  • Our five-gene signature is closely associated with relapse-free and overall survival among patients with NSCLC. [[68]]
  • INTEREST INTEREST established non-inferior survival of gefitinib compared with docetaxel, suggesting that gefitinib is a valid treatment for pretreated patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. [[69]]
  • Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation OverviewProphylactic cranial irradiation improves both overall survival and disease-free survival among patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission. [[70]]

Mesothelioma

Pancreatic Cancer

  • ESPAC1 clear benefit for postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy [[73]]
  • Postoperative gemcitabine significantly delayed the development of recurrent disease after complete resection of pancreatic cancer compared with observation alone. [[74]]
  • FFCD/SFRO This intensive induction schedule of CHRT was more toxic and less effective than gemcitabine alone. [[75]]
  • A survival benefit was demonstrated for chemoradiation over radiotherapy alone. Chemoradiation followed by chemotherapy did not demonstrate any survival advantage over chemotherapy alone, but important clinical differences cannot be ruled out due to the wide CI. [[76]]
  • No standard treatment exists, but there are two options for treatment of LAPC; these are gemcitabine-based chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy. Induction chemotherapy followed by a chemoradiotherapy is a promising strategy for selection of patients without early metastatic/progressing disease.[[77]]
  • gemcitabine is more effective than 5-FU in alleviation of some disease-related symptoms in patients with advanced, symptomatic pancreas cancer. Gemcitabine also confers a modest survival advantage over treatment with 5-FU. [[78]]
  • CONKO 003OFF regimen as second line therapy after G is feasible with acceptable toxicity in advanced pancreatic cancer. We showed a significant difference between OFF and BSC regarding survival after first line therapy and overall survival. [[79]]
  • GEM-CAP should be considered as one of the standard first-line options in locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic cancer. [[80]]

Prostate Cancer

  • PLCO After 7 to 10 years of follow-up, the rate of death from prostate cancer was very low and did not differ significantly between the two study groups. [[81]]
  • ERSPC PSA-based screening reduced the rate of death from prostate cancer by 20% but was associated with a high risk of overdiagnosis. [[82]]
  • Prevalence of Prostate Cancer among Men with a Prostate-Specific Antigen Level ≤4.0 ng per Milliliter [[83]]
  • plus 3 years of androgen suppression in the treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer. [[84]]
  • Men undergoing MIRP versus open radical prostatectomy have lower risk for perioperative complications and shorter lengths of stay, but are at higher risk for salvage therapy and anastomotic strictures. However, risk for these unfavorable outcomes decreases with increasing MIRP surgical volume. [[85]]
  • SPCG-7/SFUO-3 In patients with locally advanced or high-risk local prostate cancer, addition of local radiotherapy to endocrine treatment halved the 10-year prostate-cancer-specific mortality, and substantially decreased overall mortality with fully acceptable risk of side-effects compared with endocrine treatment alone. [[86]]
  • SPCG-4 Radical prostatectomy reduces disease-specific mortality, overall mortality, and the risks of metastasis and local progression. The absolute reduction in the risk of death after 10 years is small, but the reductions in the risks of metastasis and local tumor progression are substantial. [[87]]
  • Finasteride prevents or delays the appearance of prostate cancer, but this possible benefit and a reduced risk of urinary problems must be weighed against sexual side effects and the increased risk of high-grade prostate cancer. [[88]]
  • REDUCE Over the course of the 4-year study period, dutasteride reduced the risk of incident prostate cancer detected on biopsy and improved the outcomes related to benign prostatic hyperplasia. [[89]]

Spinal Cord Compression

  • Direct decompressive surgery plus postoperative radiotherapy is superior to treatment with radiotherapy alone for patients with spinal cord compression caused by metastatic cancer [[90]]

Tumor Lysis Syndrome

  • GRAAL1 Rasburicase is the treatment of choice to control UA and prevent tumor lysis syndrome in adult patients with aggressive NHL[[91]]
  • Recombinant Urate Oxidase (Rasburicase) for the Prevention and Treatment of Tumor Lysis Syndrome in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies. [[92]]
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